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« Matthews Attempts To Explain "Not Evil-- Just Have A Different Perspective" | Main | Inventor of Stove Top Stuffing Dies »
November 23, 2005

The Fear Gene; The Caring Hormone

Fear gene discovered:

The researchers identified a gene in mice that controls reactions to impending danger by firing certain neurons in the brain. Mice that don't have the gene, called stathmin, simply don't react to situations that should scare the rodent pants off them.

...

"For those who experience fear too much, stathmin-based drugs may provide an important relief," Rutgers University scientist Gleb Shumyatsky told LiveScience. "Also, after trauma these drugs may help to forget bad experiences."

...

Fear plays a key role in survival, so all mammals have an efficient memory system to deal with it. While you can't recall the name of someone you just met, a memory of fright can last a lifetime.

The stathmin gene is normally prevalent in the brain's amygdala. It controls fear of predators, heights and others that are considered instinctive, as well as fears that are learned through specific events.

In the study, mice heard a tone and were given an electric shock. The mice without the stathmin gene reacted less strongly. In a second test, the stathmin-free mice were more likely to venture into open spaces that the others naturally avoided.

Meanwhile, researchers are probing a hormone that causes caring and empathy:

The lack of emotional care given to infants in some Romanian and Russian orphanages has provided researchers an opportunity to study the hormonal basis of the mother-child bond.

Researchers led by Seth D. Pollak of the University of Wisconsin have found that these children, even three and a half years after adoption into Wisconsin families, produce two critical hormones in a different pattern from children with traditional upbringings.

The hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, are small proteins produced by the pituitary gland in the center of the brain. Although they influence bodily functions like giving milk and the water balance, they also have a range of effects on social behavior, at least in laboratory rodents and monkeys.

These include fostering positive interactions with other individuals, notably the social bonds between mother and child and the sexual bonds between male and female.

In June this year, oxytocin was reported to elevate the level of trust among people who received a nasal spray of it before playing a game created to test their tolerance for being betrayed by other players. The game was created by an economist, Ernst Fehr of the University of Zurich.

Dr. Pollak and his colleagues have looked at how the two hormones are involved in shaping the bonds between mother and child. In normally raised children aged about 4½ years, they found, oxytocin levels rise after half an hour of physical interaction with their mothers.

But the previously neglected children in their study did not show this oxytocin jump, Dr. Pollak and his colleagues write in today's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The hormone levels were measured from samples of the children's urine.

Dr. Pollak believes that oxytocin acts through the brain's reward system and gives infants a positive feeling about social interactions. The finding that the adopted children in the study apparently get less of an oxytocin reward could explain why some children from Eastern Europe, as they grow older, have difficulty forming social relationships.

...

The new finding can be interpreted in several ways. One possibility, Dr. Nelson said, is that there is a sensitive period in the first two years of life for developing a strong relationship, and that later relationships depend on the biological mechanism having been set correctly, as judged by the oxytocin response.

It could be that the previously neglected children have missed this critical window of development, Dr. Nelson said. Or, the biological system may be flexible and it will just take longer for the children to develop a normal oxytocin response. .

The best possible intervention for neglected orphan children would seem to be adoption into loving families. But maybe this is not enough and if so, the oxytocin measurements may point to the need to do something else, Dr. Nelson said.

Sociopaths and psychopaths could be cured by oxytocin therapy?

Maybe there's something to that "bad upbringing" business after all. Missing the developmental stage where human beings learn the capacity for caring and empathy, some go on to be adults capable of cruelty without the twinge of conscience.

Oxytocin, alsocalled "the trust hormone," was discussed before here.

All of this provokes an interesting discussion on the nature of evil, and whether the somewhat common description of evil or cruel individuals -- "He just has a head full of bad wiring and bad chemicals" -- is more true than we knew.

Which isn't to say anything about not jailing people who do terrible things. Even if there's a chemical basis for their cruelty, you lock them up for practical reasons, like just not wanting them to kill anymore.

But what if a genuinely evil psychopath, a butcher, undergoes oxytocin therapy and suddenly becomes a normal human being with empathy for his fellow humans and an aversion to harming them? Does that guy get paroled?

Also: Is there any sort of therapy to cure women of their need for "snuggling"? And also: "talking"?



posted by Ace at 09:55 AM
Comments



Yes yes, Marxism leads to Gramscianism leads to Marcusianism leads to 60s drug culture leads to mainstream acceptance of mind-altering drugs leads to change of human nature leads to social justice leads to Utopia.

Nothing to kill or die for, above us only sky. It's easy to imagine.

Posted by: Sue Dohnim on November 23, 2005 10:25 AM

Missing the developmental stage where human beings learn the capacity for caring and empathy, some go on to be adults capable of cruelty without the twinge of conscience.

A bit of a leap going from "the social bonds between mother and child and the sexual bonds between male and female" to a root cause for sociopaths. Could be right, but that seems to go far beyond what the article is claiming.

Posted by: geoff on November 23, 2005 10:34 AM

OT: Wow Ace, you just got a link from Powerline.

Must be that professional grade Atrios blogging of yours

Posted by: HowardDevore on November 23, 2005 10:54 AM

Actually, I've always suspected the brains of sociopaths are physically damaged in some way that we would ultimately be able to map. It would remove the moral dimension for their behavior, sure, but make it all the more imperative that they be locked away forever (assuming there is no fix). And probably would give us a presumptive test for sociopathy.

This is one of those intensely ouchy ethical points I think we'll face as we get the brain/genome nailed down better: how far can you act on tendency in the absence of deed?

Posted by: S. Weasel on November 23, 2005 11:03 AM

Why are you afraid of me?

Posted by: Gene on November 23, 2005 11:07 AM

Pychopaths?
Fill 'em up with Oxycontin instead.
Then we won't have to worry about them.

Posted by: harrison on November 23, 2005 11:21 AM

Where the heck is Megan? She knows about this stuff.

Posted by: Slublog on November 23, 2005 11:22 AM

Cure for the snuggles? Oxytocin spray...will make you like it.

Posted by: SarahW on November 23, 2005 11:38 AM

Did RWS succeed in luring her away?

Posted by: HowardDevore on November 23, 2005 11:39 AM

I'm sorry, what's this story about again? You lost me at "rodent pants."

He he he he.

Oh, okay, I did read to this wonderful, true statement:

Also: Is there any sort of therapy to cure women of their need for "snuggling"? And also: "talking"?
Ahhhh, one could dream. Dream the impossible dream.

Cheers,
Dave at Garfield Ridge

Posted by: Dave at Garfield Ridge on November 23, 2005 11:49 AM

Ahhhh, one could dream. Dream the impossible dream.

I think we've solved your lack of female companionship problem. Just be the guy who promises to 'snuggle,' and you'll be all set.

Of course, that would require you either participate in the dreaded 'snuggle' or at least lie convincingly enough about your ability to 'snuggle.'

Posted by: Slublog on November 23, 2005 11:51 AM

Slublog, a woman once asked me to snuggle, and I handed her a soap-drenched teddy bear.

Didn't work out.

Posted by: Dave at Garfield Ridge on November 23, 2005 12:05 PM

Also: Is there any sort of therapy to cure women of their need for "snuggling"? And also: "talking"?

And you wonder why most of your dates are made of latex?

Posted by: on November 23, 2005 12:10 PM

I actually like to cuddle, which puts me way in the male minority. Trust me, women don't find that any more attractive.

What do women want? They want a guy who doesn't like to cuddle, but will do it anyway. A lot of female psychology follows this no-win pattern. Probably a lot of male psychology, too, but no way am I getting into that tarpit.

Posted by: utron on November 23, 2005 12:18 PM

Dave - yeah, I can see why it didn't work out.

Some women just don't appreciate gifts or humor.

Their loss.

Posted by: Slublog on November 23, 2005 12:19 PM

"Even if there's a chemical basis for their cruelty, you lock them up for practical reasons, like just not wanting them to kill anymore."

This is incorrect and naturally entails the negation of punishment in favor of medication once medical science advances to that point.

Posted by: on November 23, 2005 12:30 PM

I actually like to cuddle, which puts me way in the male minority.

Utron, you sitzpinkler. I'm definitely filing this one away for the next flame war.

Posted by: Rocketeer67 on November 23, 2005 12:32 PM

Also: Is there any sort of therapy to cure women of their need for "snuggling"? And also: "talking"?

Yeah, right after you orgasm, rip one.

She won't talk to you for weeks.

Posted by: sentinel on November 23, 2005 12:34 PM

Rocketeer67, I knew that I'd pretty much incinerated myself when I saw my name in the "Recent Comments" next to an excerpt that begins, "I actually like to cuddle..."

I'm never posting on this subject again without explaining that cuddling is a vitally necessary break from my day job bossing a Louisiana chain gang.

Posted by: utron on November 23, 2005 12:35 PM

No, anonymous. They committed the deed, they get locked up. Treated while in lockup, but locked up just the same. There is no guarantee they won't need to change medications over time, dosages might need to be adjusted, and above all, you want to make sure they stay on their meds. Sorry, too risky to do a community mental health model for a psychopath.

Posted by: Mikey on November 23, 2005 12:36 PM

I'm never posting on this subject again without explaining that cuddling is a vitally necessary break from my day job bossing a Louisiana chain gang.

You cuddle guys from a chain gang?

Wow. This is going to be a good flame war.

Posted by: Slublog on November 23, 2005 12:37 PM

You cuddle guys from a chain gang?

I knew there was a good reason why I chose a blog name that sounded like a sexless machine. In retrospect, I'm regretting not staying with that image...

Posted by: utron on November 23, 2005 12:43 PM

... I chose a blog name that sounded like a sexless machine

I always thought it was something like you were Ron from Utah. You chain gang-cuddlin' tower of smouldering sensuality, you.

Posted by: geoff on November 23, 2005 12:50 PM

Women only say they want to cuddle and spoon and shit because they know you don't want to. As soon as you curl up with them the bitching starts about why your "annoying little friend" has to come between the two of you.

Posted by: spongeworthy on November 23, 2005 12:53 PM

"annoying little friend"

Keyword: little.

Posted by: on November 23, 2005 01:01 PM

I actually like to cuddle, which puts me way in the male minority.

Well utron, never fear, only the straight, adult male minority.

Lots of drag queens and jammies-with-feet wearers like to cuddle too.

Posted by: Bill from INDC on November 23, 2005 01:07 PM

I think I just figured out why Ace's imaginary girlfriend isn't speaking to him.

Posted by: vivi on November 23, 2005 01:15 PM

There is an overview :) for oxytocin, liberal “tending society” and etc…. in "The Tending Instinct: How Nurturing is Essential to Who We Are and How We Live" by Shelley E. Taylor

http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/taylor.html

Posted by: Angelique on November 23, 2005 01:19 PM

I think it is despicable that you people are mocking utron just because he is in touch with his feminine side!

Ignore those slobs, utron. I admire your candor and your willingness to be sensitive to a woman's needs.

Posted by: Louisiana Chain Gang on November 23, 2005 01:21 PM

Chain Gang has been in 'touch' with Utron's 'feminine side'...

Posted by: Madfish Willie on November 23, 2005 01:43 PM

Lots of drag queens and jammies-with-feet wearers like to cuddle too.

Thanks for sharing that experience, Bill.

Posted by: VRWC Agent on November 23, 2005 01:46 PM

"....Talking."

Oh, god, please yes. Let it be so.

We need a "Manhatton Project" crash research program to address this right now.

With the resulting silence we men could focus on the really important problems that continue to vex the world - like the continued existance of moonbats.

But the timing would be questioned, no doubt.

Posted by: Cheese_Tensor on November 23, 2005 04:13 PM

"Diamonds. That'll shut her up."

Posted by: Joan of Argghh! on November 23, 2005 04:13 PM
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